Cleaner Development Mechanism (CDM)

CDM  defined by Kyoto protocol (IPCC, 2007) that provides emission reduction projects which allows to trading of certified emission reduction units.

There are mainly 2 objectives of this protocol
1. Assist parties not in the agreement in achieving sustainable development and in contributing to the ultimate objective of the UN frame work Convention on Climate change (UNFCCC), which  prevent climate changes all over the world.

2. Assist those who in the agreement in achieving compliance with their  their quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments. (greenhouse gas (GHG) emission caps)

GCC countries

GCC stands for  Gulf Cooperation Council . This is a political and economical union which consist of following countries;
1. United Arab Emirates
2. Saudi Arabia
3. BAHRAIN
4. Kuwait
5. OMAN
6. QATAR

This was formed in Abu Dhabi on 25 May 1981. Among the stated objectives were;

1. Formulate similar rules in religion, finance, trade, tourism and etc.
2. Research and Development on future expandable areas.
3. Setting up joint ventures.
4. Unified military presence. (Peninsula Shield Force)
5. Establishing a common currency in 2010 , how ever its been postponed.The name Khaleeji has been proposed as a name for this currency. If realized, the GCC monetary union would be the second largest supranational monetary union in the world, measured by GDP of the common-currency area.

United Nations

In 1945, representatives from 50 countries met at San Francisco at a United Nations conference on International organization to draw up the United Nations charter. Among the representatives were China, Soviet Union, United kingdom, Unite states. Poland which was not present on the occasion on 26th June when the charter signed, later signed and became the 51st original member countries. The United Nations officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, when the Charter had been ratified by China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, the United States and by a majority of other signatories. Last country to join UN was South Sudan in 2011 as the 192nd member country. Sri Lanka became a member of UN Dec 14, 1955. 

Main 5 permanent member countries are ;

1. China

2. France

3. Russia

4. UK 

5. USA

Council appointed last for 2 years, with 15 members , 5 being permanent since they work together during the 2nd world war. 

Out of 196 countries 3 countries does not have the membership under UN. They are;

1. Kosovo ( declared independence from Serbia on February 2008)

2. Taiwan ( replaced by mainland china)

3. Vatican City(The independent papal state of 771 people (including the Pope) was created in 1929. They have not chosen to become part of the international organization.).